A long, narrow structure which protrudes from the surface of the "male" bacterial individual and connects the "male" to the "female" bacterial individual during the process of bacterial conjugation, when genetic material in the form of the F plasmid is transferred between individual bacterial cells.
2. F protein
Definition:
A protein derived from the Sendai virus which can be used in the laboratory to cause cell fusion between somatic cells (any cell that is not a gamete). It is also used to make fusogenic vesicles.
3. F(ab)2 fragment (Fab fragment, F-ab fragment)
Definition:
The portion of the immunoglobulin or antibody molecule which contains the binding site for antigens. The exact sequence of amino acids in the area varies widely from molecule to molecule to accommodate a wide variety of antigens which the body may encounter. There are two such regions on each molecule (individually called Fab fragments or F-ab fragments). The molecule is shaped like the letter Y and the F(ab)2 fragments are located on the upper halves of the two fork parts. (The rest of the molecule, the stem and the lower parts of the forks, are the Fc fragment).
4. F(ab)2 fragment
Definition:
A fragment of an antibody protein which includes the antigen-binding portions but not the Fc section. They can be produced by treating whole antibodies with proteases that will specifically cleave off the Fc section.
5. F-1 generation
Definition:
"Filial-One" generation. The first generation of offspring which results after mating or genetically crossing two types of parents with different genotypes or phenotypes. (The parents are known as the P generation.)
6. F-2 generation
Definition:
"Filial-Two" generation. The generation of offspring which results from mating or genetically crossing members of the F-1 generation to each other. Members of this generation are two generations removed from the original parent generation, or the P generation.
7. F-factor (F factor, F plasmid)
Definition:
A small piece of episomal bacterial DNA which gives the bacteria that have it the ability to initiate conjugation (bacterial "mating") with other nearby bacteria. During conjugation, the F factor is copied and passed on to the other bacterium so that it acquires the ability to initiate conjugation also.
8. fabric mulch
Author:
Definition:
Polypropylene material placed on the ground around plants to prevent weed growth.
9. Fabry disease
Definition:
An X-linked genetic disease in which the gene coding for the enzyme alpha-galactosidase A (a type of galactosidase) is nonfunctional. As a result, sphingolipid and glycolipid compounds accumulate in the blood vessel walls of people with the disease, eventually causing vascular malfunctions.
10. facilitated diffusion (passive diffusion, passive transport)
Definition:
11. facing
Author:
Definition:
The outer layer of a slope revetment.
12. facultative
Author: Mirrored from
Jim Croft's Flora of
Australia
Definition:
13. facultative aerobe
Author: Mirrored from
Tsute Chen's
Glossary of Microbiology
Definition:
An organism which is normally anaerobic but can also grow in the presence or oxygen (O2).
14. facultative anaerobe
Definition:
A microorganism which can survive without oxygen (is an anaerobe) but is not harmed if oxygen is present.
15. facultative heterochromatin
Definition:
A type of heterochromatin (condensed and genetically inactivated portion of a chromosome) which forms at specific stages of an organism's life cycle. In contrast with constitutive heterochromatin (the other type of heterochromatin), facultative heterochromatin occurs in only one of the two members of a homologous chromosome pair and is not permanent.
16. facultative species
Author:
Definition:
Species that can occur both in wetlands and uplands; there are three subcategories of facultative species:
17. FAD (flavin adenine dinucleotide)
Image: View the
chemical structure
Definition:
A riboflavin-containing hydrogen acceptor molecule in the Krebs cycle of plant respiration and a coenzyme of some oxidation-reduction enzymes.
18. Fahrenheit
Author: Guo Li
Definition:
Fahrenheit is a scale for measuring temperature, usually abbreviated as F. The freezing point of water is 32° F, and boiling point of water is 212° F. The normal oral temperature is 97.3° to 98.8° F. The rectal temperature is about 1 F higher than the oral temperature. To convert Fahrenheit to Celsius, one can use the formula: (degrees in F - 32) multiplied by 5/9.
19. falcate
Author: Mirrored from
Jim Croft's Flora of
Australia
Definition:
Sickle-shaped.
20. falciparum malaria
Definition:
The most severe form of malaria; it is sometimes fatal, and is characterized by fever, confusion, spleen enlargement, nausea and anemia. It is caused by the protozoan Plasmodium falciparum.
21. fall-run fish
Author:
Definition:
Anadromous fish that return to fresh water in the fall and spawn during fall or early winter.
22. fallopian tubes
Author: Fertilitext
Definition:
Ducts that pick up the ovum (egg) from the ovary; fertilization normally occurs in one or both of these ducts.
23. falls
Author:
Definition:
24. false aneurysm
Author: Guo Li
Definition:
A false aneurysm is an apparent widening of a blood vessel (the external wall is expanded) without actual expansion of the entire lumen. This is usually the result of a hematoma between the layers of the vessel wall.
25. familial adenomatous polyposis
Author: Guo Li
Definition:
Familial adenomatous polyposis is an autosomal dominant genetic condition in which affected individuals has a tendency to develop numerous adenomas in the colon. These adenomas will invariably become colon cancers in time.
26. family
Definition:
27. Fanconi's syndrome
Author: Guo Li
Definition:
Fanconi's syndrome is characterized by anemia and renal (kidney) tubular dysfunction. Inheritance is autosomal recessive.
28. farinaceous
Author: Mirrored from
Jim Croft's Flora of
Australia
Definition:
Containing starch grains; mealy; resembling flour.
29. farsightedness (hyperopia)
Author: Guo Li
Definition:
Hyperopia is the condition in which parallel light rays are focused behind the retina of the eye, causing nearby objects to seem blurry while faraway objects are clearer. Compare myopia.
30. fascia
Author: Guo Li
Definition:
Fascia is a fibrous membrane of connective tissue (tissue that is not part of an organ, but supports and binds organs and other tissues) separating muscles, tendons, and bones.
31. fascicle (adj.: fasciculate)
Author: Mirrored from
Jim Croft's Flora of
Australia
Definition:
A cluster.
32. fasciitis
Author: Guo Li
Definition:
Fasciitis is the inflammation of fascia.
33. fascine roll
Author:
Definition:
A thick roll consisting of branches, the inner part being dead material, the outer consisting of live branches.
34. fasciotomy
Author: Guo Li
Definition:
A fasciotomy is surgery to split open the fascia, often done as an emergency measure to release compartment syndrome.
35. fast component
Definition:
A segment of eukaryotic DNA consisting of highly-repeated nucleotide sequences which, when the entire duplex DNA molecule is denatured (the double-stranded helix comes apart and becomes single strands) and then allowed to renature (the complementary single strands come together to form a helix), will be the first segment to renature.
36. fastidious
Definition:
Having to do with microorganisms which have unusual and/or complex nutritional needs and must be grown on enriched media.
37. fasting blood glucose test
Author: PharmInfoNet
Definition:
A method for finding out how much glucose (sugar) is in the blood. The test can show if a person has diabetes. A blood sample is taken in a lab or doctor's office. The test is usually done in the morning before the person has eaten. The normal, nondiabetic range for blood glucose is from 70 to 110 mg/dl, depending on the type of blood being tested. If the level is over 140 mg/dl, it usually means the person has diabetes (except for newborns and some pregnant women).
38. fat
Definition:
A triglyceride (lipid) that is usually solid at room temperature. Compare oil.
39. fat necrosis
Author: Guo Li
Definition:
40. fatigue
Author: Guo Li
Definition:
Fatigue is a sense of tiredness and losing stamina; it is a symptom common in depression, cancer and chronic infection.
41. fatty acid (fatty acids)
Definition:
Any of many long lipid-carboxylic acid chains found in fats, oils, and as a component of phospholipids and glycolipids in animal cell membranes.
When insulin levels are too low or there is not enough glucose in the blood to use for energy, the body burns fatty acids for energy. This causes ketone bodies to be created as waste products, and they can cause the acid level in the blood to become too high. This in turn may lead to ketoacidosis, a serious illness.
42. fauna
Definition:
Animal life.
43. faunation
Author:
Definition:
The total animal life of a zone or area; the animal equivalent of vegetation.
44. favulariate
Author: Mirrored from
Jim Croft's Flora of
Australia
Definition:
Of a surface, finely ribbed, the ribs separated by zig-zag furrows.
45. Fc fragment
Definition:
The constant region on an immunoglobulin molecule. The area that is exactly the same on all antibodies. The region is found on the heavy chains and is not involved in binding antigens.
46. fecal coliform bacteria
Author:
Definition:
Aerobic bacteria found in the colon or feces, often used as indicators of fecal contamination of water supplies.
47. fecalith
Author: Guo Li
Definition:
A fecalith is a hard mass of feces.
48. fecundability
Author: Fertilitext
Definition:
The ability to become pregnant.
49. fecundity
Definition:
50. fecundity
Author:
Definition:
Fertility; the number of live offspring produced by an organism.
51. feedback control
Definition:
The regulation of the activity of an enzyme by one of its products.
52. feedback inhibition (end product inhibition)
Definition:
The process of the end product of a particular metabolic reaction inhibiting an allosteric enzyme involved in that reaction as the reaction starts again, thus breaking the reaction cycle.
53. feeder layer
Definition:
A layer of cells in a culture which produces something that helps another type of cell (the cell of interest) grow. They are used in tissue cultures when the cell of interest cannot grow in a medium that is completely synthetic.
54. feedforward control (feed forward control)
Definition:
The process in which one of the products of a metabolic pathway induces an enzyme which participates in the metabolic pathway to act.
55. feline
Definition:
Relating to, affecting, resembling or derived from a cat.
56. feline sarcoma (fes)
Definition:
An oncogene carried by one of the strains of the feline sarcoma virus (the Snyder-Theilen strain). It causes the development of sarcoma tumors in cats. The normal product of the gene (as a proto-oncogene) seems to be a kinase enzyme that phosphorylates (attaches phosphate groups to) the amino acid tyrosine in polypeptides.
57. feline sarcoma (fgr oncogene)
Definition:
An oncogene carried by one of the strains of the feline sarcoma virus (the Garden-Rasheed strain). It causes the development of sarcoma tumors in cats.
58. feline sarcoma (fms)
Definition:
An oncogene carried by one of the strains of the feline sarcoma virus (the McDonough strain). It causes the development of sarcoma tumors in cats.
59. feline sarcoma virus (FSV)
Definition:
A retrovirus which carries an oncogene that causes feline sarcoma (a tumor-causing disease) in cats.
60. fellow
Definition:
A medical doctor who has completed medical school, an internship, and a residency program and who is training for a specialized branch of medicine (such as urology, psychiatry, oncology, etc.)
61. Felty's syndrome
Author: Guo Li
Definition:
Felty's syndrome is characterized by rheumatoid arthritis, abnormally large spleen, and leukopenia
62. femoral
Author: Guo Li
Definition:
Pertaining to the femur (e.g. femoral artery, femoral vein, etc.)
63. femur
Author: Guo Li
Definition:
The femur is the bone that extends from the hip joint to the knee joint. The head of femur is spherical and forms the hip joint.
64. fen
Author: Mirrored from
Dave Sutton's Aquatic Plant
Glossary
Definition:
Low land covered wholly or partially with water but producing sedge, coarse grasses, or other aquatic plants; boggy land; a moor or marsh; plant community on alkaline, neutral, or slightly acid peat.
65. fenestrate
Author: Mirrored from
Jim Croft's Flora of
Australia
Definition:
Having openings or translucent areas ('windows').
66. fenestrated
Author: Mirrored from
Dave Sutton's Aquatic Plant
Glossary
Definition:
A type of leaf anatomy with small perforation or transparent spots. Confined to a few tropical monocotyledons which grow on the island of Madagascar.
67. fermentation
Definition:
The chemical decomposition of a substance, usually a carbohydrate, due to the action of enzymes produced by bacteria, yeasts or molds. Fermentation usually occurs in an oxygen-free environment, and typically involves the conversion of starch or sugar into ethyl alcohol.
68. fermentor
Definition:
A device used to grow large amounts of bacteria in liquid culture. The device generally can hold more than 10 liters of liquid growth medium, has a heater to provide constant temperature, and has an agitator for aeration.
69. fern allies
Author:
Definition:
A group of nonflowering vascular plants comprised of club mosses (Family Lycopodiaceae), small club mosses (Family Selaginellaceae) and quillworts (Family Isoetaceae).
70. ferredoxin
Author: Mirrored from
Tsute Chen's
Glossary of Microbiology
Definition:
An electron carrier of low reduction potential; a small protein containing iron sulfur clusters.
71. ferritin
Definition:
A protein which binds iron atoms and acts as iron storage for the body. It is also used as a nonradioactive label to detect certain antibody-antigen complexes in places such as Western blots.
72. fertility awareness (natural family planning)
Definition:
This technique can be used either as a method of contraception or to increase a woman's chances of getting pregnant.
When used as contraception, this method involves a couple avoiding intercourse during the times that the woman is most likely to be fertile. This method requires that the woman be very aware of her own body and her reproductive cycle; some estimate that this method has a 70%-98% rate of success, depending on the regularity of the woman's cycle and the specific monitoring technique used. Signs that a woman has ovulated (and is therefore fertile) include a sudden change in basal body temperature, changes in vaginal mucus, or a combination of the two. A woman is least likely to be fertile during her menstrual period and for a few days thereafter.
Fertility awareness is most often used by couples who don't want to use or who don't have access to other methods of contraception. It is also as a fertility enhancing method by couples who have had trouble with infertility.
73. fertilization
Author: Mirrored from
Jim Croft's Flora of
Australia
Definition:
The union of male and female gametes.
74. fetal
Definition:
Of or relating to a fetus
75. fetal alcohol syndrome
Author: Guo Li
Definition:
Fetal alcohol syndrome is found in children whose mothers are alcoholics and its symptoms include: low birth weight, mental retardation (IQ in the 60's), and facial and heart birth defects.
76. fetal calf serum
Definition:
The serum originating from embryonic calves. It is used as an important part of growth media for promoting the growth of tissue cultures. It is not known what causes the tissue cultures to grow, but it probably has to do with growth hormones and other growth factors.
77. fetal circulation
Author: Guo Li
Definition:
This is the blood circulation in a fetus. It is distinct from newborn and adult circulation in the following aspects:
78. fetal heart rate monitoring (FHR monitoring)
Author: Guo Li
Definition:
This is a means to assess the well-being of the fetus. Both the fetal heart rate and its changes with each uterine contraction are often monitored. The methods to monitor fetal heart rate are: Doppler ultrasound, phonocardiography, or scalp electrode. The uterine contractions are often measured by a strain gauge applied externally on the abdominal wall (the tocotransducer). The basal fetal heart rate (normal 120-160 beats/min), beat-to-beat variability (normal 5-15/min), and patterns of acceleration and deceleration with each contraction are obtained.
79. fetch
Author:
Definition:
Length of water surface exposed to wind during generation of waves.
80. fetus (adj. fetal)
Definition:
The unborn offspring of an animal that gives birth to its young (as opposed to laying eggs) during a stage at which the offspring has taken on a recognizable form (all parts in place, etc.). In human development, the period after the seventh or eighth week of pregnancy is the fetal period.
81. Feulgen reagent
Definition:
A staining substance which specifically stains DNA. Robert Feulgen, in 1914, used this stain to find out that DNA is the hereditary material in cells.
82. FEV1
Author: Guo Li
Definition:
Forced expiratory volume in the first second after a maximal inhalation.
83. fever
Author: Guo Li
Definition:
Fever is a physiologic response to infection or related stimuli (e.g. endotoxin, inflammation) such that the body temperature rises above normal. Fever is an attempt to fight off infection by making the body too hot for the invading microbe to function well in. Normal oral temperature being 36.3° C to 37.1° C or 97.3° to 98.8° F. The rectal temperature is about 0.5° C or 1° F higher than the oral temperature.
84. fiant (fiat, fac, ft.)
Definition:
This Latin term, which is frequently used in medicine and pharmacy, means "make" or "let be made".
85. fiber (soluble fiber, insoluble fiber)
Author: PharmInfoNet
Definition:
A substance found in foods that come from plants. Fiber helps in the digestive process and is thought to lower cholesterol and help control blood glucose. The two types of fiber in food are soluble and insoluble. Soluble fiber, found in beans, fruits, and oat products, dissolves in water and is thought to help lower blood fats and blood glucose. Insoluble fiber, found in whole-grain products and vegetables, passes directly through the digestive system, helping to rid the body of waste products and possibly prevent diseases such as colon cancer.
86. fiberoptic instruments
Author: Guo Li
Definition:
Instruments using fiberoptic (glass fibers that are capable of carrying light and images) techniques are often used for endoscopic procedures. Examples of such instruments are: cystoscopes, arthroscopes, laparoscopes, and bronchoscopes.
87. fibrillation
Author: Guo Li
Definition:
Uncoordinated and irregular movements.
88. fibrin
Definition:
The protein that forms the fibers that make up a blood clot; formed from fibrinogen.
89. fibrin degradation products (FDP)
Author: Guo Li
Definition:
These are measured in venous blood samples in a batch of tests for disseminated intravascular coagulopathy (DIC). Normal value is less than 10 ug/mL.
90. fibrinogen
Definition:
This protein is released by platelets at the site of a wound. If thrombin is also present, the fibrinogen becomes fibrin.
91. fibrinogen
Author: Guo Li
Definition:
One of the blood clotting factors. It is measured in venous blood samples to diagnose bleeding disorders. Normal range is 2 to 4 g/L
92. fibrists
Author:
Definition:
Organic soils (peats) in which plant remains show very little decomposition and retain their original shape; more than two-thirds of the fibers remain after rubbing the materials between the fingers.
93. fibroblast
Definition:
This type of cell makes up connective tissues and the support matrix (stroma) of the skin and secretes connective tissue proteins such as collagen.
94. fibroblastic
Author: PharmInfoNet
Definition:
Pertaining to fibroblasts, or connective tissue cells.
95. fibrocystic disease of the breast (mammary dysplasia)
Author: Guo Li
Definition:
Mammary dysplasia includes fibrosis of the breast tissue which gives the breast a rubbery consistency. Cyst formation is another feature. Hyperplastic epithelium, another feature of this condition, has been thought to have potential to progress to breast cancer.
96. fibroma (fibroid, fibroid tumor)
Definition:
A benign (non-cancerous) tumor which consists of fibrous tissues or connective tissue.
97. fibronectin
Definition:
This glycoprotein is found throughout the body and its concentration is particularly high in connective tissues where it forms a complex with collagen. Fibronectin is thought to play a role in controlling cell growth and differentiation and in cell adhesion.
98. fibrosarcoma
Definition:
A malignant (cancerous) connective tissue tumor which develops from collagen-contaiing fibroblasts.
99. fibrosis
Definition:
The creation of dense, firm scar tissue in response to previous tissue damage or disease.
100. Fick's law of diffusion
Definition:
The principle that a substance put into solution will tend to diffuse towards constant concentration throughout the solution.
101. ficoll
Definition:
This biochemically inert sucrose polymer is used as a thickening additive in solutions and gradients.
102. ficoll gradient
Definition:
A density gradient of ficoll (synthetic sucrose polymer) in solution, where concentration of the ficoll varies continuously through the solution. It is often used to separate different types of cells from each other during the process of sedimentation.
103. figure eight
Definition:
An intermediate structure shaped like a figure eight which forms during the recombination process between two plasmids, or circular pieces, of DNA. The two pieces of DNA attached to each other by covalent bond at this point.
104. filament
Author: Mirrored from
Jim Croft's Flora of
Australia
Definition:
The stalk of a stamen; a thread one or more cells thick; in cyanobacteria, a trichome enclosed in a mucilaginous sheath. Compare anther.
105. filamentous
Author: Mirrored from
Tsute Chen's
Glossary of Microbiology
Definition:
In the form of very long rods, many times longer than wide.
106. filamentous bacteriophage
Definition:
A type of single-stranded DNA bacteriophage (virus which infects bacteria) that has a capsid which is long and thin, like a filament. Examples include the viruses F1 and M13.
107. filariasis (elephantiasis)
Definition:
A disease caused by the parasitic nematode worm Wuchereria bancrofti or Brugia malayi. The parasite blocks the lymphatic system and causes lymphatic edema, resulting in the swelling and thickening of skin tissues and the tissues immediately below the skin. The disease most commonly occurs in tropical regions and is spread by bloodsucking insects (which carry the larval worms).
108. filiform
Author: Mirrored from
Jim Croft's Flora of
Australia
Definition:
Thread-like.
109. fill
Author:
Definition:
110. fill material
Definition:
Any material used for the primary purpose of replacing an aquatic area with dry land or of changing the bottom elevation of a waterbody. The term does not include any pollutant discharged into the water primarily to dispose of waste.
111. filopodium (pl. filopodia)
Definition:
112. Filoviridae
Definition:
A family of RNA-containing viruses that has the Ebola virus and the Marburg virus as its primary members; all cause hemorrhagic fever.
113. filter
Author:
Definition:
Layer of even-graded rock between rock riprap and backfill soil to prevent extrusion of the soil through the riprap.
114. filter fabric
Author:
Definition:
A fabric used to collect sediment from water flowing through a creek or through a gully.
115. filter sterilization
Definition:
A lab technique to sterilize a solution by passing it through a filter fine enough to catch bacteria-sized microorganisms.
116. filtra (filt.)
Definition:
This Latin term, which is frequently used in medicine and pharmacy, means "filter".
117. fimbria (pl. fimbriae)
Author: Mirrored from
Tsute Chen's
Glossary of Microbiology
Definition:
118. fimbriate
Author: Mirrored from
Jim Croft's Flora of
Australia
Definition:
Fringed along the margin.
119. fimbriate
Author: Mirrored from
Jim Croft's Flora of
Australia
Definition:
Of a margin, fringed with long slender hair-like processes (fimbriae).
120. fimbrioplasty
Author: Fertilitext
Definition:
Reconstructive or corrective surgery on the fimbria of a damaged or blocked fallopian tube.
121. fine particulate organic matter (FPOM)
Author:
Definition:
Organic material having a least dimension ranging from 0.45 micron to 1 mm.
122. fine sediment
Author:
Definition:
Sediment with particle sizes of 2.0 mm and less, including sand, silt and clay. (Compare coarse sediment.)
123. fine structure mapping
Definition:
A technique of DNA mapping which makes use of extremely rare recombination events where the crossing over occurs between two genes or two alleles of a gene that are only a few nucleotides apart.
124. fines
Author:
Definition:
Small particles of soils (e.g., silt or clay).
125. finger protein
Definition:
A protein which has areas with regularly spaced cysteine amino acids that appear to be involved in binding zinc atoms. A protein which has zinc fingers.
126. fingerling
Author:
Definition:
Young fish, usually in its first or second year and generally between 2 and 25 centimeters long. (Compare fry and parr.)
127. fingerprinting (peptide mapping, nucleotide mapping)
Definition:
A general term for techniques used to identify unique proteins or nucleic acids by breaking them up with enzymes and looking at the resulting pattern of their amino acid or nucelotide base sequences. Fingerprinting is widely used in forensics to test blood, semen or other body tissues for genetic matching. See also Southern blot.
128. First Law of Thermodynamics
Definition:
This law, derived from the principle of conservation of energy, is expressed as E = Q - W, where E is the internal change in energy, Q is the heat the environment transfers into the system, and W is the work the system does. In other words, it means that:
It can be further extrapolated to mean that despite all the processes going on in the universe, the total energy contained in the universe remains constant.
129. first meiotic division
Definition:
The first of two consecutive divisions of the nucleus of an eukaryotic cell during the process of meiosis. It includes the following stages of meiosis: prophase I, metaphase I, anaphase I, and telophase I.
130. first-order kinetics (first-order reaction)
Definition:
A term describing the reaction rate of a chemical reaction in which the rate is proportional to the concentration (in moles) of only one of the reactants. Such a reaction might have an equation like "rate = k[A]," where k is the reaction rate constant and [A] is the concentration of a reactant A.
131. FISH (fluorescence in situ hybridization)
Definition:
A physical mapping approach that uses fluorescent tags to detect hybridization of probes with metaphase chromosomes and with the less-condensed somatic interphase chromatin.
132. fish elevation
Author:
Definition:
The elevation of a fish above the stream bed measured at the tip of the fish's snout. See focal point.
133. fish habitat
Author:
Definition:
The aquatic environment and the immediately surrounding terrestrial environment that, combined, afford the necessary biological and physical support systems required by fish species during various life history stages.
134. fish ladder
Author:
Definition:
A series of descending weirs which carry water around a dam or waterfall to facilitate the upstream migration of fish.
135. fish velocity (focal point velocity, snout velocity, facing
velocity)
Author:
Definition:
The velocity at the location occupied by a fish, measured at the fish's snout.
136. fission
Author: Mirrored from
Tsute Chen's
Glossary of Microbiology
Definition:
A type of cell division in which overall (i.e., not localized) cell growth is followed by septum formation which typically divides the fully grown cell into two similar or identical cells.
137. fissure
Author: Guo Li
Definition:
A fissure is a natural division or a cleft in an organ.
138. fistula
Definition:
139. fistular
Author: Mirrored from
Jim Croft's Flora of
Australia
Definition:
Hollow throughout its length.
140. fistulous
Author: Mirrored from
Dave Sutton's Aquatic Plant
Glossary
Definition:
Having the form or nature of a fistula.
141. fixation
Definition:
142. flabellate
Author: Mirrored from
Dave Sutton's Aquatic Plant
Glossary
Definition:
Fan-shaped.
143. flaccid
Author: Mirrored from
Jim Croft's Flora of
Australia
Definition:
Limp; tending to wilt. Compare turgid.
144. flagellin
Definition:
145. flagellum (pl. flagella)
Definition:
A whip-like appendage found on sperm and some bacteria, fungi, and protozoans, which the cells use for locomotion. Composed of the protein flagellin.
146. flail chest
Author: Guo Li
Definition:
Flail chest results from multiple rib fractures such that the affected part of the chest collapses during inspiration and expands during expiration (paradoxical movements). The mechanical integrity of the chest is lost and ventilation becomes ineffective.
147. flame ionization detector
Definition:
A piece of equipment used in gas chromatography that uses a flame to decompose the neutral solute molecules into charged particles, then measures any changes in conductivity.
148. flanking region
Author: Susan
A.Hagedorn
Definition:
149. flap gate
Definition:
A device which allows water to flow in only one direction through a culvert; can be used to allow water to drain out of a wetland during low tide while preventing water from entering the wetland during high tide.
150. flash evaporator
Definition:
An apparatus used to concentrate a solute by evaporating its solvent. The device is fairly simple: a heated, rotating glass sphere with an exhaust tube to let the solvent fumes to escape.
151. flashboard riser
Author:
Definition:
A weir made with removable boards that can be used to adjust the level of water held up behind the weir.
152. flatulence (flatus)
Author: Guo Li
Definition:
Flatulence is gas produced in the bowel.
153. flavin
Definition:
A derivative of riboflavin (vitamin B2) which can exist as a chemical group of other important biomolecules such as flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) or flavin mononucleotide (FMN).
154. flavin mononucleotide (FMN, riboflavin phosphate)
Definition:
This biomolecule serves as a coenzyme for some enzymes that catalyze oxidation-reduction reactions.
155. flavin-linked dehydrogenase
Definition:
A dehydrogenase that requires a riboflavin coenzyme to function properly.
156. Flaviviridae
Definition:
A family of single-stranded RNA-containing viruses that cause hemorrhagic fever in a wide range of mammals and are transmitted by mosquitos and ticks.
157. flavoprotein
Definition:
A protein enzyme that has a riboflavin-containing nucleotide bound to it tightly as a prosthetic group.
158. flesh-eating bacteria
Author: Mirrored from
Tsute Chen's
Glossary of Microbiology
Definition:
A strain of Group A streptococcus which, in severe cases, can destroy tissue as fast as surgeons can cut it out. The rapid destruction of tissue caused by these bacteria is localized, so it is unlikely to be caused by a general overstimulation of the immune system by, for example, superantigen exotoxin A. Instead, the invasive strains of strep A probably have other toxin(s) such as exotoxin B, an enzyme (i.e. a cysteine protease) that destroys tissue by breaking down protein. (Ref: Science 264:1665, 1994)
159. flexor
Author: Guo Li
Definition:
A flexor is a muscle that bends a joint.
160. flexuous (flexuose)
Author: Mirrored from
Jim Croft's Flora of
Australia
Definition:
Bent from side to side in a zig-zag form.
161. floccose
Author: Mirrored from
Jim Croft's Flora of
Australia
Definition:
Bearing tufts of soft hairs or wool which tend to rub off and adhere in small masses.
162. flocculation
Definition:
The rapid precipitation of large amounts of a solute out of a solvent.
163. flood
Author:
Definition:
164. flood level
Author:
Definition:
The elevation of the water surface of a stream during a particular flood.
165. flood plain (floodplain, flood-plain)
Author:
Definition:
166. flood stage
Author:
Definition:
Stage at which banks overflow or damage begins or is threatened.
167. flood waters
Author:
Definition:
Stream waters which have escaped from a watercourse and run wild over lands outside the normal and overflow channels.
168. flood wave
Author:
Definition:
The sudden rise of water surface upon the approach of a flood crest, particularly if the celerity of the crest exceeds the mean velocity of the stream.
169. flood, n-year
Author:
Definition:
Flow of a stream equalled or exceeded, on the average once in n years.
170. flooded
Author:
Definition:
A condition in which the soil surface is temporarily covered with flowing water from any source, such as streams overflowing their banks, runoff from adjacent or surrounding slopes, inflow from high tides or any combination of sources.
171. floodway
Author:
Definition:
172. flora
Definition:
Plant life.
173. floral
Author: Mirrored from
Jim Croft's Flora of
Australia
Definition:
Belonging to or associated with a flower.
174. floret
Author: Mirrored from
Jim Croft's Flora of
Australia
Definition:
A grass flower, together with the lemma and palea that enclose it (often applied to flowers in the families Cyperaceeae and Asteraceae).
175. floscule
Author: Mirrored from
Dave Sutton's Aquatic Plant
Glossary
Definition:
A small flower; a floret.
176. flow (discharge)
Author:
Definition:
177. flow cytoenzymology
Definition:
A technique for for separating and sorting cells based on the presence of specific enzymes that create a colored material when they bind to a substrate.
178. flow cytometry
Definition:
Analysis of biological material by detection of the light-absorbing or fluorescing properties of cells or subcellular fractions (i.e., chromosomes) passing in a narrow stream through a laser beam. An absorbance or fluorescence profile of the sample is produced. Automated sorting devices, used to fractionate samples, sort successive droplets of the analyzed stream into different fractions depending on the fluorescence emitted by each droplet.
179. flow duration curve
Author:
Definition:
A cumulative frequency curve that shows the percentage of time that specified flows are equaled or exceeded.
180. flow karyotyping
Definition:
Use of flow cytometry to analyze and/or separate chromosomes on the basis of their DNA content.
181. flower
Author: Mirrored from
Jim Croft's Flora of
Australia
Definition:
The sexual reproductive structure of the angiosperms, typically consisting of gynoecium, androecium and perianth and the main stem bearing these parts.
182. fluctuation analysis
Definition:
A statistical analysis method devised in 1943 by Salvatore Luria and Max Delbruck to show that mutations arise spontaneously. The method analyzed the rate of mutation in cultures of bacteria with small numbers of cells.
183. fluid mosaic model
Definition:
A model used to conceptualize cell membranes; in it, the membranes are described as a structually and functionally asymmetric lipid bilayer studded with embedded proteins that aid in cross-membrane transport.
184. fluidity
Definition:
Fluidity refers to how easily a liquid flows; for instance, water is much more fluid than honey.
185. fluidus (fl.)
Definition:
This Latin term, which is frequently used in medicine and pharmacy, means "fluid".
186. fluorescein
Image:
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chemical structure
Definition:
A reddish-orange, fluorescent molecule (C20H12O5) which is combustible and insoluble in water which is used in dyes; in immunology, this molecule makes up a fluorescent yellow-green dye that is used to label antibodies.
187. fluorescein isothiocyanate
Definition:
A fluorescent chemical derived from fluorescein which is used to label proteins.
188. fluorescein-conjugated antibody
Definition:
Refers to an antibody that has joined with a fluorescein molecule.
189. fluorescence
Definition:
A term that describes any substance that emits light at a certain wavelength (emission wavelength) when it is illuminated by light of a different wavelength (excitation wavelength).
190. fluorescence immunoassay
Definition:
A sensitive technique which uses fluorescein, a fluorescent molecule, to measure the antigen or antibody concentration in a solution.
191. fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP)
Definition:
A lab technique used to find out how fast a cell can regenerate parts which have been destroyed by bleaching with a microscopic light beam. The technique determines this by measuring fluorescent molecules located in the area.
192. fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS)
Definition:
A technique for separating and sorting cells marked with a fluorescent label based on how much they fluoresce at a particular wavelength.
193. fluorescent
Author: Mirrored from
Tsute Chen's
Glossary of Microbiology
Definition:
Having the ability to emit light of a certain wavelength when activated by light of another wavelength.
194. fluorescent antibody
Author: Mirrored from
Tsute Chen's
Glossary of Microbiology
Definition:
Immunoglobulin molecule which as been coupled with a fluorescent molecule so that it exhibits fluorescence.
195. fluorescent antibody techniques
Definition:
Lab techniques for locating antigens in a prepared tissue sample by using antibodies with fluorescent labels which will bind to the antigens of interest.
196. fluorescent label (fluorescent marker)
Definition:
A molecule which fluoresces and can be attached to a probe molecule that does not fluoresce.
197. fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption (FTA-ABS)
Author: Guo Li
Definition:
This is a test for the antibody titre in the blood of a patient using live or killed syphilis-causing bacteria, Treponema pallidum. It becomes positive 4 to 6 weeks after infection and becomes negative in 2 years if treatment is successful. FTA-ABS is referred to as the "treponemal antigen test" because treponema pallidum is used as an antigen to make the measurement. This test is more sensitive and specific than the VDRL test.
198. fluorimetry
Definition:
The measurement of the amount of fluorescence.
199. fluorinated hydrocarbon
Definition:
A molecule which is almost entirely carbon and hydrogen, but has had at least one fluorine atom introduced to it that has replaced one of the hydrogen atoms.
200. fluorodifen
Definition:
An agricultural herbicide which is a yellow, crystalline solid that melts at 92 degrees C.
201. fluorometer
Definition:
A device used to measure the amount of fluorescence released by a sample that is exposed to a single wavelength of light or other electromagnetic radiation.
202. fluoroscope
Author: Fertilitext
Definition:
A fluoroscope is an imaging device that uses X-rays to view internal body structures on a screen.
203. fluorouracil
Image:
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chemical structure
Definition:
A chemical used in chemotherapy to treat mainly breast, skin and gastrointestinal cancers. It prevents the growth and spread of cancer cells (it is both an antineoplastic and an antimetabolite).
204. Fluosol
Definition:
A type of artificial blood; it is able to carry oxygen to body tissues, but it can't clot or carry nutrients, etc.
205. flupenthixol (Fluanxol)
Definition:
This prescription drug is used to treat chronic schizophrenia.
206. fluphenazine decanoate (Modecate, Permitil, Prolixine)
Definition:
This antipsychotic prescription drug is used to treat schizophrenia.
207. flurazepam (Dalmane)
Definition:
This hypnotic drug is used to treat insomnia and other sleep disorders.
208. flush ends
Definition:
The ends of a blunt-end DNA molecule, where both strands in the double-stranded DNA molecule are even with each other rather than one strand being longer than the other.
209. flushing flow
Author:
Definition:
That discharge (natural or human-caused) of sufficient magnitude and duration to scour and remove fines from the stream bed gravel to maintain intragravel permeability.
210. flutamide
Image:
View the
chemical structure
Author: Miki Wu
Definition:
211. fluvents
Author:
Definition:
Floodplain soils, characterized by buried horizons and irregularly decreasing amounts of organic matter with depth.
212. fluvial
Author:
Definition:
Pertaining to streams or rivers or produced by stream action; also, migrating between main rivers and tributaries. (Compare adfluvial.)
213. fluvial entrainment
Author:
Definition:
Suspension and transport of solid materials by running water.
214. fluvoxamine (Luvox)
Definition:
This prescription drug is used to treat depression and obsessive-compulsive disorders.
215. focal point
Author:
Definition:
Location of an organism; for fish, usually the position of the snout. Habitat measurements made at that position (depth, water velocity, etc.) are focal point measurements.
216. focal seizures
Definition:
A focal seizure is characterized by convulsions without loss or impairment of consciousness.
217. foci
Author: Biological Sciences at
Heriot-Watt University
Definition:
"Foci" is a medical term applied to a small group of cells occurring in an organ and distinguishable, either in appearance or histochemically, from the surrounding tissue.
218. focus-forming assay
Definition:
A lab technique used to find out if a particular piece of DNA contains oncogenes (genes which are associated with cancer). This is done by putting the DNA into animal cells which normally show contact inhibition, or which stop growing when they come into physical contact with other cells or reach a certain density in the culture. If the cells lose contact inhibition and form areas of densely-packed cells (called foci) after receiving the DNA, it means that the DNA did contain oncogenes.
219. focus-forming units (FFU)
Definition:
A measurement of the concentration of live virus in a given amount of fluid. This is measured by spreading a known amount of the fluid over a layer of cultured cells which are infected by the virus, then counting the number of areas in the culture which look infected.
220. folate antagonist
Definition:
One of a group of substances which blocks the formation of nucleotides that require the presence of folate (one of the B vitamins) before they can be made. The substance does this by blocking key steps in the reaction sequence. These substances are often used to treat cancer because fast-growing cancerous cells usually need to use the blocked reactions more than normal cells do.
221. foldback DNA
Definition:
Sections of single-stranded DNA which have sequences that are palindromes, or which read the same both backwards and forwards, that may base pair with each other instead of with the right sections of the other strand during renaturation into double-stranded DNA.
222. foliaceous
Author: Mirrored from
Jim Croft's Flora of
Australia
Definition:
Leaf-like.
223. foliage volume
Author:
Definition:
The space, expressed in cubic meters, occupied by a tree.
224. folic acid (folate, pteroylglutamic acid, PGA)
Image:
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chemical structure
Definition:
A vitamin in the B complex that is found in whole grains, fresh vegetables and is synthesized by certain nonpathogenic bacteria that live in the human intestine. A deficiency in this vitamin causes anemia and poor growth.
225. follicle
Author: Mirrored from
Jim Croft's Flora of
Australia
Definition:
226. follicle
Definition:
A small, narrow sac found in certain organs or tissues. Examples are hair follicles in the skin, which are found at the bases of individual hairs, and follicles in the ovary which contain developing oocytes (proto-ovums).
227. follicle cells
Definition:
A layer of cells within an ovarian follicle which surrounds the oocyte (proto-ovum) and provides certain nutrients to it.
228. follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
Author: Fertilitext
Definition:
229. follicular phase
Author: Fertilitext
Definition:
The follicular phase is the pre-ovulatory phase of a woman's reproductive cycle during which the follicle grows and high estrogen levels cause the uterine lining to grow.
230. fomite
Author: Mirrored from
Tsute Chen's
Glossary of Microbiology
Definition:
An inanimate object which, when contaminated with a viable pathogen (bacterium, virus, etc.) can transfer the pathogen to a host.
231. fontanelle
Author: Guo Li
Definition:
A fontanelle is a membranous interval at the junction of sutures of the fetal and infant skulls.
232. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
Author: Susan
A.Hagedorn
Definition:
The U.S. agency responsible for regulation of biotechnology food products. The major laws under which the agency has regulatory powers include the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act; and the Public Health Service Act.
233. food infection
Author: Mirrored from
Tsute Chen's
Glossary of Microbiology
Definition:
Microbial infection resulting from ingestion of contaminated food.
234. food poisoning
Author: Mirrored from
Tsute Chen's
Glossary of Microbiology
Definition:
Disease resulting from ingestion of food contaminated with a toxin produced by a microorganism.
235. food poisoning
Author: Guo Li
Definition:
"Food poisoning" refers to symptoms of gastroenteritis (anorexia, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea) attributable to the ingestion of food containing one or more of:
236. footprinting
Definition:
A technique for identifying the nucleic acid sequence to which regulatory protein binds.
237. forage fish
Author:
Definition:
Fish species that as adults are small enough to be prey of larger species; often nongame fish.
238. foramen (pl. foramina)
Author: Guo Li
Definition:
A foramen is an opening or communication between two cavities.
239. foramen of Bochdalek
Author: Guo Li
Definition:
This abnormal opening is a defect of the diaphragm through which the abdominal contents may pass into the thoracic cavity.
240. foramen ovale
Author: Guo Li
Definition:
241. foraminiferan
Definition:
A type of protozoan which has a calcareous shell (shell made of calcium carbonate), often large enough to be seen by the naked eye. There are both bottom-dwelling and planktonic species. Foraminifera are important index fossils.
242. forb
Author: Mirrored from
Jim Croft's Flora of
Australia
Definition:
A non-woody plant other than a grass, sedge, rush, etc. Compare herb.
243. forbs
Author:
Definition:
Broad-leaved herbs, in contrast to bryophytes, ferns, fern allies and graminoids.
244. forced vital capacity (FVC)
Author: Guo Li
Definition:
The maximum volume of gas an individual can exhale with force after a maximum inhalation.
245. forcep (forceps)
Definition:
A pliers-like medical instrument used to grasp tissue.
246. ford
Author:
Definition:
A wet stream crossing. The crossing may use only the natural stream gravels, imported cobble, or a poured concrete roadway.
247. forebay
Author:
Definition:
An area in a canal upstream from a control structure from which diversions are made.
248. forensic medicine
Definition:
This is the use of medical techniques to help solve crimes. For instance, a clinical chemist might be called upon to the determine the type or do DNA testing on blood found at a crime scene, a pathologist might examine/dissect a corpse to determine the time and cause of death, and a physician might examine a rape victim to verify his or her assault and to obtain semen or hair samples left by the attacker.
249. foreshore
Author:
Definition:
The sloping beach between high- and low-water marks.
250. formaldehyde
Definition:
A type of aldehyde which has another hydrogen attached to the carbon as the second group. (An aldehyde is a carbon double-bonded to an oxygen and single bonded to one hydrogen and one other chemical group).
251. formamide (HCONH2)
Definition:
A chemical commonly used to denature nucleic acids (DNA or RNA), which is to separate the two strands of the double-stranded molecule.
252. forming face
Definition:
The side of the Golgi apparatus which faces the rough endoplasmic reticulum, where vesicles budding off of the rough endoplasmic reticulum fuse to the Golgi apparatus. Also called the "cis" side of the Golgi apparatus.
253. forms of DNA I, II and III
Definition:
Refers to circular DNA removed from viruses and as plasmids. Form I is the DNA in its normal, supercoiled form. Form II is the DNA after one of the two strands has been nicked (cut apart), and is circular. Form III is the DNA after both strands have been broken, and is linear.
254. formycin B
Definition:
A drug used to get rid of intestinal parasites; it works by inhibiting the worm's ability to conduct nucleic acid synthesis.
255. forward mutation
Definition:
Any mutation which renders a formerly functional gene nonfunctional. This is the opposite of a back mutation.
256. fos oncogene
Definition:
The oncogene (a gene associated with cancer) that the FBJ murine osteosarcoma retrovirus carries. The product of this oncogene works with the product of another oncogene, the jun oncogene, to abnormally change the rate of transcription of certain other genes.
257. fos-related antigens (FRA)
Definition:
A group of phosphoproteins found in the cell nucleus which are structurally similar to the fos oncogene's gene product.
258. fosfomycin (fosfonomycin)
Image:
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chemical structure
Definition:
An antibiotic that works by interfering with bacterial cell wall synthesis.
259. founder effect
Definition:
"The establishment of a new population by a few original founders (in an extreme case, by a single fertilized female) which carry only a small fraction of the total genetic variation of the parental population" [Ernst Mayr, 1963]. The result is that a given allele, gene, chromosome, or part of a chromosome found in members of the population can be traced back to one ancestral individual.
260. four-strand crossing over
Definition:
Crossing over with both strands of DNA from each sister chromatid, so that both strands from one chromatid are exchanged for both strands on the other. This is different from the usual case where only one of the two DNA strands on one sister chromatid is exchanged for the one matching strand (of the two strands) on the other sister chromatid.
261. fovea
Author: Guo Li
Definition:
The fovea is a small depression in the retina at the back of the eye. This is the area of the greatest visual acuity.
262. foveate
Author: Mirrored from
Jim Croft's Flora of
Australia
Definition:
Pitted.
263. fps (Fujinami sarcoma virus oncogene)
Definition:
An oncogene carried by the Fujinami sarcoma virus, which causes the development of sarcoma tumors in chickens. It is homologous to the fes oncogene found in cats. The normal product of the gene (as a proto-oncogene) seems to be a kinase enzyme that phosphorylates (attaches phosphate groups to) the amino acid tyrosine in polypeptides.
264. fractional condensation
Definition:
A lab technique used to separate the components of a vapor containing a mixture of substances. This is done by taking advantage of the fact that the different chemicals have different boiling points. The mixture undergoes repeated condensations, where the chemical with the highest boiling point condenses out of the vapor first and can be separated from the rest, then the chemical with the next highest boiling point condenses out, etc.
265. fractionation
Definition:
Any laboratory method which is used to separate the components of a mixture. For example, fractional condensation, distillation, electrophoresis, or gel filtration.
266. fracture
Author: Guo Li
Definition:
A fracture is the breakage of a bone.
267. fragile sites
Definition:
Places on chromosomes that tend to break more often than other places. These places also tend to be where chromosomal translocations (a type of chromosomal mutation) occur.
268. fragile X syndrome
Author: Guo Li
Definition:
Fragile X syndrome is characterized by mental retardation, autistic-like behavior and other physical abnormalities. Though it is usually most severe/more common in males (they are more susceptible because they have only one X chromosome whereas females have two), both males and females can be affected and their karyotype shows a gap (the fragile site) on the long arm of the X chromosome.
269. fragmentation of habitat
Author:
Definition:
Division of a large piece of habitat into a number of smaller, isolated patches.
270. frameshift mutation (frame shift mutation, frame-shift mutation)
Definition:
A type of mutation in which one or more paired nucleotides are inserted or deleted in the coding region of a gene, which causes the triplet codons to be read in the wrong frame; the resulting polypeptide has a garbled amino acid sequence from the mutated codon on.
271. Frank-Starling curve
Author: Guo Li
Definition:
This describes the relationship of cardiac output to the distention of the left ventricular end-diastolic volume. In elderly patients with chronic cardiac failure, the curve is depressed, shifted to right, and flattened.
272. Frank-Starling law
Author: Guo Li
Definition:
This law states that in the contraction of the heart, the energy of contraction is proportional to the initial length of the cardiac muscle fiber.
273. frass
Author:
Definition:
Debris or excrement in water, produced by insects.
274. free
Author: Mirrored from
Jim Croft's Flora of
Australia
Definition:
Not fused or united (with other organs).
275. free energy
Definition:
The part of the energy of a system that can do work at constant temperature and pressure.
276. free fatty acids
Author: Guo Li
Definition:
Free fatty acids are by products of the metabolism of fat in adipose tissues.
277. free-central
Author: Mirrored from
Jim Croft's Flora of
Australia
Definition:
278. freeboard
Author:
Definition:
Marginal provision for waves, surges, and other contingencies, above a design stage.
279. Freedle index
Author:
Definition:
An index of the quality of spawning gravel obtained by dividing geometric mean diameter of particle size by the sorting coefficient.
280. freeze drying
Definition:
A method of preserving a substance by freezing it, then placing it in a vaccuum and slowly raising the temperature. This method is especially useful for preparing cell samples for electron microscopy because it preserves the internal organelle structure and arrangement.
281. freeze etch
Definition:
A method of preparing a cell for study by freezing it, cracking it open to reveal the organelles, freeze drying it, then examining it under the electron microscope.
282. freeze fracture
Definition:
A method of preparing a cell for study of its cell membrane by freezing it, fracturing it along the plane of the cell membrane, freeze drying it, then examining it under the electron microscope.
283. Frei test
Definition:
A clinical test where dead disease-causing microbes are injected into the skin to see if this causes a skin reaction. It is used to find out whether the patient is infected with the the injected microbe.
284. French pressure cell (French press)
Definition:
A device used to cause cells to burst (or lyse) with hydrostatic pressure. The cells are suddenly forced into low pressure after being in high pressure.
285. frequency analysis
Author:
Definition:
A method of evaluating vegetation in an area by establishing a transect and counting the occurrences of plant species at various sampling points along the transect.
286. frequency of occurrence
Author:
Definition:
The number of times a given plant species occurs at sample points along a transect.
287. frequent flooding
Author:
Definition:
Flooding which is likely to occur often during usual weather conditions (i.e., more than a 50 percent chance of flooding in any year, or more than 50 times in 100 years).
288. freshet
Author:
Definition:
A rapid temporary rise in the stream discharge and level caused by heavy rains or rapid melting of snow and ice.
289. freshwater marsh
Author:
Definition:
Wetland dominated by herbaceous plants under the influence of fresh water.
290. Freund's adjuvant
Definition:
The complete version of this immunostimulating adjuvant contains heat-killed tuberculosis bacteria emulsified in white mineral oil. It is used in immunological research involving lab animals, but not in humans, since it could cause allergic responses or autoimmune problems. The bacterial cells are omitted in the incomplete verson of the adjuvant.
291. Friderichsen-Waterhouse syndrome (Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome)
Author: Guo Li
Definition:
Friderichsen-Waterhouse syndrome is characterized by generalized petechiae and purpuric lesions on the body, shock, and vasomotor collapse. It is usually associated with severe meningococcal septicemia.
292. frond
Author: Mirrored from
Jim Croft's Flora of
Australia
Definition:
A leaf especially of a fern, cycad or palm; a leaf-like portion of a non-vascular plant (e.g. a foliose alga).
293. frostbite
Author: Guo Li
Definition:
Frostbite is damage to tissues by freezing. The usually affected parts of the body are the extremities and areas of poorer circulation.
294. frozen section
Author: Guo Li
Definition:
A frozen section is a technique to prepare tissue for microscopic examination. It involves freezing the tissue and cutting it in a block of ice. This way samples are ready within a few minutes. However, there are certain restrictions in making medical diagnosis based on frozen sections.
295. fructose (fructopyranose)
Image:
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chemical structure
Definition:
Literally, "fruit sugar"; a very sweet six-carbon sugar that serves as a building block for more complex sugars and carbohydrates.
296. fructose 1,6-bisphosphate
Image:
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chemical structure
Definition:
This key glycolysis intermediate (a hexose diphosphate) was discovered by Arthur Harden and William Young in 1905. In the third step of glycolysis, fructose 6-phosphate and ATP are converted to fructose 1,6-bisphosphate and ADP with the aid of phosphofructokinase. In step 4, fructose 1,6 bisphosphate (with the aid of aldolase) is cleaved into duhydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate.
297. fructose 6-phosphate
Image:
View the Chemical Structure
Definition:
A phosphorylated six-carbon sugar formed in the second step of glycolysis by the action of phosphoglucose isomerase on glucose 6-phosphate. In the third step, fructose 6-phospate and ATP are used to create fructose 1,6-biphosphate, ADP and a free hydrogen with the aid of phosphofructokinase.
298. fruit
Author: Mirrored from
Jim Croft's Flora of
Australia
Definition:
The seed-bearing structure in angiosperms formed from the ovary after flowering.
299. fruiting body
Author: Mirrored from
Tsute Chen's
Glossary of Microbiology
Definition:
A macroscopic reproductive structure produced by some fungi (e.g., mushrooms) and some bacteria (e.g., myxobacteria). Fruiting bodies are distinct in size, shape, and coloration for each species.
300. frutescent
Author: Mirrored from
Jim Croft's Flora of
Australia
Definition:
Becoming shrub-like (woody).
301. fruticose
Author: Mirrored from
Jim Croft's Flora of
Australia
Definition:
Shrub-like.
302. fry
Author:
Definition:
Life stage of trout and salmon between full absorption of the yolk-sac and a somewhat arbitrarily defined fingerling or parr stage, which generally is reached by the end of the first summer.
303. fucoxanthin
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chemical structure
Definition:
A brownish pigment found in algae such as diatoms.
304. fugacious
Author: Mirrored from
Jim Croft's Flora of
Australia
Definition:
Falling or withering away very early.
305. fugacity
Author: Biological Sciences at
Heriot-Watt University
Definition:
In general, "fugacity" is applied to the tendency for a substance to move from one environmental compartment to another. Originally the term was applied to the tendency of a gas to expand or escape and related to its pressure in the system being studied.
306. full-thickness burns (third degree burns)
Author: Guo Li
Definition:
Full-thickness burns are burns in which damages extend to the fat layer of the skin. This being the case, all epithelial elements are destroyed and skin grafting is needed. Clinically, full thickness burns are classified as third-degree burns and recognizable because the affected area has leathery texture and lacks sensation.
307. fullerene
Definition:
One of a class of hollow, cagelike compounds composed of carbon atoms arranged in patterns of hexagons and pentagons which are shaped like spheres or cylinders.
308. fumarase
Definition:
An enzyme that serves an important role in the Krebs cycle phase of sugar metabolism by catalyzing the conversion of fumarate to malate.
309. functional capacity
Author: Guo Li
Definition:
Functional capacity of the elderly is a measure of their ability to look after themselves.
310. functional group
Definition:
The specific atom(s) that give a biomolecule a specific chemical characteristic.
311. functional groups
Author:
Definition:
This ecological term refers to groups of organisms that obtain energy in similar ways. Autotrophic plants fix energy from sunlight. Fungi and bacteria decompose organic matter. Shredders chew large particles like tree leaves. Scrapers rasp periphyton and microbes from solid surfaces. Collectors filter fine particles from the water or gather them from deposits.
312. functional residual capacity (FRC)
Author: Guo Li
Definition:
The volume of gas remaining in the lungs after a normal exhalation.
313. funduscope
Author: Guo Li
Definition:
A funduscope is an optical instrument for the inspection of the retina of the eye.
314. funduscopy
Definition:
A funduscopy is a medical examination of the eye to diagnose diseases or disorders of the retina
315. fungicide
Definition:
A chemical that kills fungi.
316. funicle (funiculus)
Author: Mirrored from
Jim Croft's Flora of
Australia
Definition:
The stalk of an ovule.
317. furanose
Definition:
A simple sugar that contains a furan ring (a monocyclic ether ring with four carbons and one oxygen atom).
318. furuncle
Author: Guo Li
Definition:
A furuncle is an infection of a hair follicle.
319. fusaric acid
Image:
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chemical structure
Definition:
A powerful toxin produced by fungi in the genus Fusarium which damages plants, causing symptoms such a leaf wilting, browning, and inhibited enzyme production.
320. Fusarium
Definition:
Fusarium is a genus of imperfect fungi (order Hypocreales); some members of this genus are extremely pathogenic to plants and animals.
321. Fusarium oxysporum
Definition:
F. oxysporum is fungal species that causes plant diseases such as pea, cotton, banana and tomato wilts.
322. Fusarium solani
Definition:
323. fushi tarazu gene (ftz gene)
Definition:
A gene found in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. Normal fruit fly embryos look like a series of stacked discs, which are called segments. Each segment eventually develops into specific adult fly structures (wings, antennae, legs, eyes, etc.) Flies which have a mutant form of the ftz gene are missing every other segment.
324. fusidic acid
Image:
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chemical structure
Definition:
An antibiotic that prevents the synthesis of proteins by blocking the elongation factor (EF)-GDP complex.
325. fusiform
Author: Mirrored from
Jim Croft's Flora of
Australia
Definition:
Spindle-shaped, i.e. narrower at both ends than at the center.
326. fusion gene
Author: Susan
A.Hagedorn
Definition:
A hybrid gene created by joining portions of two different genes (to produce a new protein) or by joining a gene to a different promoter (to alter or regulate gene transcription).
327. fusion protein
Definition:
328. fusogenic vesicle
Definition:
A liposome (artificially-created vesicle) whose outer wall contains molecules (such as the F protein) that cause cell fusion, especially fusion between somatic cells (any cell that is not a gamete).
END
